Jakob Molinder

When did Sweden become equal? This question has far-reaching implications for our understanding of Swedish history and for general theories about inequality, institutions, and politics more broadly. In this article, we present the first multidimensional comparative analysis of the development of inequality in Sweden. Our findings reveal that, although the share of income and wealth accruing to the absolute top was very high at the beginning of the twentieth century, Sweden was more equal than many other countries when focusing on the lower parts of the income distribution. Additionally, several indicators suggest that the decline in inequality began in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. These results imply that the development of the Swedish welfare state was both a cause and a consequence of decreasing inequality. We emphasize the importance of widespread literacy and access to education as a key factor in shaping distributional outcomes.